مال
Arabic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]مَالِ • (māli)
Etymology 2
[edit]Probably a univerbation of مَا (mā, “what”) + ل (l-, “to; belonging to”), as in مَا لِي (mā lī, “what belongs to me”). The root م و ل (m-w-l) then developed denominally. While this may seem like popular etymology, similar univerbations do exist in Arabic; compare particularly the dialectal verb جَاب (jāb). Compare also Classical Syriac ܡܵܠܵܐ (mālā, “property, wealth”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]مَال • (māl) m (plural أَمْوَال (ʔamwāl))
- property, possessions, chattels, goods
- wealth, affluence
- fortune, estate
- money
- income, revenue
- assets, capital, stock, fund
- (Islam, law) marketable title
- (Egypt) tax, land tax
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | مَال māl |
الْمَال al-māl |
مَال māl |
Nominative | مَالٌ mālun |
الْمَالُ al-mālu |
مَالُ mālu |
Accusative | مَالًا mālan |
الْمَالَ al-māla |
مَالَ māla |
Genitive | مَالٍ mālin |
الْمَالِ al-māli |
مَالِ māli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | مَالَيْن mālayn |
الْمَالَيْن al-mālayn |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Nominative | مَالَانِ mālāni |
الْمَالَانِ al-mālāni |
مَالَا mālā |
Accusative | مَالَيْنِ mālayni |
الْمَالَيْنِ al-mālayni |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Genitive | مَالَيْنِ mālayni |
الْمَالَيْنِ al-mālayni |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَمْوَال ʔamwāl |
الْأَمْوَال al-ʔamwāl |
أَمْوَال ʔamwāl |
Nominative | أَمْوَالٌ ʔamwālun |
الْأَمْوَالُ al-ʔamwālu |
أَمْوَالُ ʔamwālu |
Accusative | أَمْوَالًا ʔamwālan |
الْأَمْوَالَ al-ʔamwāla |
أَمْوَالَ ʔamwāla |
Genitive | أَمْوَالٍ ʔamwālin |
الْأَمْوَالِ al-ʔamwāli |
أَمْوَالِ ʔamwāli |
Descendants
[edit]- → Azerbaijani: mal
- → Bashkir: мал (mal)
- → Bengali: মাল (mal)
- → Crimean Tatar: mal
- → Kazakh: мал (mal)
- → Kyrgyz: мал (mal)
- → Northern Kurdish: mal
- → Maltese: miel
- → Mongolian: мал (mal)
- → Old Armenian: մալ (mal)
- → Nogai: мал (mal)
- → Persian: مال (mâl)
- → Swahili: mali
- → Tatar: мал (mal)
- → Tofa: мал
- → Turkish: mal
- → Albanian: mall
- → Tuvan: мал (mal)
- → Uzbek: mol
- → Yakut: мал (mal)
References
[edit]- Bauer, Hans (1935) “Etymologica I”, in Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volume 10, page 1
- Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[2] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 221
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[3] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1168
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[4], London: W.H. Allen, page 983
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[5] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1233
Etymology 3
[edit]Root |
---|
م ي ل (m-y-l) |
Verb
[edit]مَالَ • (māla) I, non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu)
- to bend, incline to
- to lean (عَلَى (ʕalā, “against”))
- to be favorably disposed
- to hang down
- to sink
- to move towards (not in a straight line)
- to decline, deviate
- to sympathize (إِلَى (ʔilā, “with”))
- to have an antipathy (عَلَى (ʕalā, “against”))
Conjugation
[edit]verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
mayl or mayalān or maylūla or tamyāl or mamāl or mamīl | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
māʔil | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mamīl | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
مَالَ māla |
miltumā |
mālā |
milnā |
miltum |
mālū | |||
f | milti |
mālat |
mālatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔamīlu |
tamīlu |
yamīlu |
tamīlāni |
yamīlāni |
namīlu |
tamīlūna |
yamīlūna | |||
f | tamīlīna |
tamīlu |
tamīlāni |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔamīla |
tamīla |
yamīla |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namīla |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamīla |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔamil |
tamil |
yamil |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namil |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamil |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | mil |
mīlā |
mīlū |
||||||||
f | mīlī |
milna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | — | — | mīla |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | — | — | yumālu |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | — | — | yumāla |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | — | — | yumal |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
Verb
[edit]مَالَ • (māla) I, non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu)
- to turn towards setting
- (transitive or construed with إِلَى (ʔilā)) to be favorably disposed towards
Conjugation
[edit]verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
muyūl | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
māʔil | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mamīl | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
مَالَ māla |
miltumā |
mālā |
milnā |
miltum |
mālū | |||
f | milti |
mālat |
mālatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔamīlu |
tamīlu |
yamīlu |
tamīlāni |
yamīlāni |
namīlu |
tamīlūna |
yamīlūna | |||
f | tamīlīna |
tamīlu |
tamīlāni |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔamīla |
tamīla |
yamīla |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namīla |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamīla |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔamil |
tamil |
yamil |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namil |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamil |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | mil |
mīlā |
mīlū |
||||||||
f | mīlī |
milna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
mīla |
miltumā |
mīlā |
milnā |
miltum |
mīlū | |||
f | milti |
mīlat |
mīlatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔumālu |
tumālu |
yumālu |
tumālāni |
yumālāni |
numālu |
tumālūna |
yumālūna | |||
f | tumālīna |
tumālu |
tumālāni |
tumalna |
yumalna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔumāla |
tumāla |
yumāla |
tumālā |
yumālā |
numāla |
tumālū |
yumālū | |||
f | tumālī |
tumāla |
tumālā |
tumalna |
yumalna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔumal |
tumal |
yumal |
tumālā |
yumālā |
numal |
tumālū |
yumālū | |||
f | tumālī |
tumal |
tumālā |
tumalna |
yumalna |
References
[edit]- Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[6] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 225
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[7] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1174
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[8], London: W.H. Allen, page 1089
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[9] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1239
Gulf Arabic
[edit]Adverb
[edit]مال • (māl)
- Followed by a noun or a pronominal suffix to indicate possession
- الكتاب كان مالها.
- l-kitāb kān mālha.
- The book belonged to her.
Laki
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Related to Persian ماندن (mândan, “to stay, remain”).
Noun
[edit]مال (mal)
Persian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Arabic مَال (māl). The pronominal use is also found in Iraqi Arabic, hence it may have entered Persian through dialectal Arabic or it may be a Persian influence on the former.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [mɑːl]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [mɒːl̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [mɔl]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | māl |
Dari reading? | māl |
Iranian reading? | mâl |
Tajik reading? | mol |
Noun
[edit]مال • (mâl) (plural اموال (amvâl) or مالها (mâl-hâ))
- Used in the singular with a subsequent ezâfe to form constructions equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions.
- Synonym: از آن (az ân-e)
- آن سگ بزرگ مال توست؟ ― ân sag-e bozorg mâl-e to-st? ― Is that big dog yours?
- این کتاب مال من نیست. ― in ketâb mâl-e man nist. ― This book isn't mine.
- این مال ایران است؟ ― in mâl-e irân ast? ― Is this from Iran?
- (as an independent noun) property, wealth, money, assets
Usage notes
[edit]This noun forms the Persian equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions. For example, "mine" is مال من (mâl-e man) and "yours" is مال تو (mâl-e to). However, the sense is broader than the English equivalents: مال ایران (mâl-e irân) means not only "something belonging to Iran" but also "something from Iran" or even "something pertaining to Iran".
In the literary language, از آن (az ân-e, “that”) can be used for similar purposes: این پول از آن کیست؟ از آن ماست (in pul az ân-e ki-st? az ân-e mâ-st, “Whose money is this? It's ours”). While it is not commonly used in the modern speech of Iran, it is more prevalent than مال (mâl-e) in the eastern dialects of Persian.[1]
Related terms
[edit]- مالی (mâli)
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]مال • (mâl)
References
[edit]- ^ Gernot Windfuhr, John R. Perry (2009) “Persian and Tajik” (chapter 8), in The Iranian Languages[1] (in English), page 435: “Possession 'mine, yours, his', etc., is expressed by EZ constructions: Persian māl-e, lit. 'possession of', Tajik az on-i 'from that of' followed by an independent pronoun. Az ān-i and similar constructions are also found in local Persian dialects and earlier stages of Persian.”
South Levantine Arabic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From ما (mā, “what”) + لـ (la-, “to”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Phrase
[edit]مال • (māl)
Inflection
[edit]Inflected forms of مال | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | مال (māl) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | مالي (māli) | مالنا (mālna) | |||
2nd person | مالك (mālak) | مالك (mālek) | مالكم (mālkom) | ||
3rd person | ماله (mālo) | مالها (mālha) | مالهم (mālhom) |
Urdu
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Classical Persian مال (māl), from Arabic مَال (māl).
Noun
[edit]مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
- property, possessions, goods
- wealth
- fortune, estate
- merchandise, stock
- money
- income, revenue
- finance
- prize
- assets, capital, fund
Derived terms
[edit]- مال گاڑی (māl gāṛī)
Related terms
[edit]- مالی (mālī)
Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
Etymology 3
[edit]From Sanskrit माल्य (mālya) or माला (mālā).
Noun
[edit]- Persian terms with quotations
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic adverbs
- Arabic obsolete forms
- Arabic terms with quotations
- Arabic univerbations
- Arabic terms belonging to the root م و ل
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- Arabic masculine nouns
- ar:Islam
- ar:Law
- Egyptian Arabic
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic terms belonging to the root م ي ل
- Arabic verbs
- Arabic form-I verbs
- Arabic hollow verbs by conjugation
- Arabic hollow form-I verbs
- Arabic hollow verbs
- Arabic form-I verbs with ي as second radical
- Arabic verbs with impersonal passive
- Arabic intransitive verbs
- Arabic transitive verbs
- Arabic verbs with full passive
- Arabic uncountable nouns
- Gulf Arabic lemmas
- Gulf Arabic adverbs
- Gulf Arabic terms with usage examples
- Laki lemmas
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- Persian terms derived from Arabic
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- Persian lemmas
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- Urdu terms borrowed from Classical Persian
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