苦難

See also: 苦难

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (苦難)		苦	難
simp. (苦难)		苦	难

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǔnàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄋㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² naan⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-nan
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-lān

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǔnàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄋㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǔnàn
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu³-nan⁴
    • Yale: kǔ-nàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuunann
    • Palladius: кунань (kunanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fu² naan⁶
    • Yale: fú naahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fu² naan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: fu² nan⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ naːn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-nan
    • Hakka Romanization System: ku` nan
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ nan⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ nan⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lān
    • Tâi-lô: khóo-lān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoflan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan³³/

Noun

苦難

1. hardship; suffering; misery; distress

Synonyms

• 痛楚 (tòngchǔ)
• 痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
• 苦楚 (kǔchǔ)
• 苦水 (kǔshuǐ) (figurative)
• 苦處／苦处 (kǔchù)
• 隱痛／隐痛 (yǐntòng)

 

Adjective

苦難

1. hard; miserable; distressing

Synonyms

• 不容易 (bùróngyì)
• 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
• 困難／困难
• 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
• 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
• 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
• 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
• 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
• 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
• 難／难

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (苦難):

• → Japanese: 苦難(くなん) (kunan)
• → Korean: 고난(苦難) (gonan)
• → Vietnamese: khổ nạn (苦難)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	難
く Grade: 3	なん Grade: 6
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
苦難 (kyūjitai)

Noun

苦(く)難(なん) • (kunan) 

1. hardship; suffering

   彼(かれ)は幾多(いくた)もの苦難(くなん)を乗(の)り越(こ)えてきた。

   Kare wa ikuta mono kunan o norikoete kita.

   He had to overcome quite many hardships.