Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/habjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑβ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From an innovated post-Indo-European stative present *kh₂ph₁yé-, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize”).

Verb

*habjaną

2. to have, to hold

Inflection

Conjugation of *habjaną (weak class 3 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*habjō	*habjaų	—	—	—
2nd singular	*habaisi	*habjais	*habai	—	—
3rd singular	*habaiþi	*habjai	*habjaþau	—	—
1st dual	*habjōs	*habjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*habjaþiz	*habjaiþiz	*habjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*habjamaz	*habjaim	—	—	—
2nd plural	*habaiþ	*habjaiþ	*habaiþ	—	—
3rd plural	*habjanþi	*habjain	*habjanþau	—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*habdǭ	*habdēdį̄
2nd singular	*habdēz	*habdēdīz
3rd singular	*habdē	*habdēdī
1st dual	*habdēdū	*habdēdīw
2nd dual	*habdēdudiz	*habdēdīdiz
1st plural	*habdēdum	*habdēdīm
2nd plural	*habdēdud	*habdēdīd
3rd plural	*habdēdun	*habdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*habjandz	*habdaz

Derived terms

• *gahabjaną
• *habīniz
• *habiþō

Related terms

• *habīgaz
• *haftaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: hafa
  • Icelandic: hafa
  • Faroese: hava
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: hava, have, ha
  • Elfdalian: åvå
  • Old Swedish: hava, hafwa, haffwa, haffua
    • Swedish: ha, hava, hafva (pre-1906 spelling)
  • Old Danish: hafa, hauæ
    • Danish: have
  • Old Gutnish: hafa
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (haban)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂pyéti, from the root *keh₂p- (“to seize”).

Verb

*habjaną

2. to lift, heave

Inflection

Conjugation of *habjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*habjō	*habjaų	—	*habjai	?
2nd singular	*habisi	*habjais	*habi	*habjasai	*habjaisau
3rd singular	*habiþi	*habjai	*habjaþau	*habjaþai	*habjaiþau
1st dual	*habjōs	*habjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*habjaþiz	*habjaiþiz	*habjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*habjamaz	*habjaim	—	*habjanþai	*habjainþau
2nd plural	*habiþ	*habjaiþ	*habiþ	*habjanþai	*habjainþau
3rd plural	*habjanþi	*habjain	*habjanþau	*habjanþai	*habjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hōf	*hōbį̄
2nd singular	*hōft	*hōbīz
3rd singular	*hōf	*hōbī
1st dual	*hōbū	*hōbīw
2nd dual	*hōbudiz	*hōbīdiz
1st plural	*hōbum	*hōbīm
2nd plural	*hōbud	*hōbīd
3rd plural	*hōbun	*hōbīn
	present	past
participles	*habjandz	*habanaz

Derived terms

• *habiþlą

Related terms

• *haftaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *habbjan
  • Old English: hebban, heffan
    • Middle English: heven, heiven, heoven, hefen, hewen, hebben
      • English: heave (see there for further descendants)
      • Scots: heave, heve, hewe
      • Yola: heve, hev
  • Old Frisian: heva, hebba, heffa
    • Saterland Frisian: hieuwje
    • West Frisian: heffe
  • Old Saxon: hebbian, heffian
    • Middle Low German: hēven, heffen
      • Low German: heven
  • Old Dutch: heffen
    • Middle Dutch: heffen
      • Dutch: heffen
        • Afrikaans: hef
      • Limburgish: höffe
  • Old High German: heffen, hevan, heven
    • Middle High German: heben, heven
      • Cimbrian: höoban
      • German: heben
      • Luxembourgish: hiewen
• Old Norse: hefja
  • Icelandic: hefja
  • Faroese: hevja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hevja, hevje
  • Old Swedish: hæfia
    • Swedish: häva
  • Danish: hæve
    • Norwegian Bokmål: heve
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hafjan)