grád

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See also: grad

Irish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Old Irish grád, but with /d̪ˠ/ restored under the influence of English and French grade; all of which are borrowed from Latin gradus.

Noun

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grád m (genitive singular gráid, nominative plural gráid)

  1. grade; degree, class
  2. (nautical) rating
Declension
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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grád

  1. (dialectal) first-person singular present subjunctive of gráigh (love)

Mutation

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Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
grád ghrád ngrád
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

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Old Irish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Celtic *gʷrādus.

Noun

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grád n (genitive gráda, nominative plural grád)

  1. love, affection, fondness, charity
Inflection
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Neuter u-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative grádN grádL grádL, gráda
Vocative grádN grádL grád
Accusative grádN grádL grád
Genitive grádoH, grádaH grádoN, grádaN grádN
Dative grádL grádaib grádaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Descendants
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  • Irish: grá
  • Manx: graih
  • Scottish Gaelic: gràdh
  • Middle Irish: grádaigidir

Further reading

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Etymology 2

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Borrowed from Latin gradus.

Noun

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grád n (genitive gráid, nominative plural gráid)

  1. grade, degree
  2. rank, order
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 28c7
      ma chomalnit a ngrádapud plebiles ma rud·choiscset a mmuintir
      if they fulfill their orders or, among the plebiles, if they have corrected their household
  3. (Christianity) holy orders
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 29a28
      Ní taibre grád for nech causa a pectha ꝉ a chaíngníma: ar biit alaili and ro·finnatar a pecthe resíu do·coí grád forru; alaili is íarum ro·finnatar. Berir dano fri láa brátha
      You sg should not confer orders on anyone because of his sin or of his good deed: for there are some whose sins are known before their ordination, others whose [sins] are known afterwards. Reference is made, then, to the day of judgment.
      (literally, “…before orders shall go upon them…”)
Inflection
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Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative grádN grádN grádL, gráda
Vocative grádN grádN grádL, gráda
Accusative grádN grádN grádL, gráda
Genitive gráidL grád grádN
Dative grádL grádaib grádaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Descendants
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  • Middle Irish: grád
    • Irish: grádh
    • Irish: grád (with d replacing expected dh under English and French influence)

Further reading

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Mutation

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Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
grád grád
pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/
ngrád
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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