iubeo

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Latin

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old Latin ioubeō, from Proto-Italic *jouðeō, from earlier *jouðejō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (set in upright motion), likely an extension of *h₂ey- (life, age). Indirectly cognate with iūrō and iūs, aevum and iūgis, and possibly with imitor and imāgō.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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iubeō (present infinitive iubēre, perfect active iussī, supine iussum); second conjugation

  1. (Old Latin, Classical Latin) to authorize, to legitimate, to make lawful, to homologate, to pass (a bill or law or decision)
    • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 1028–1030:
      MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum.
      MEN. Mea quidem hercle causa liber esto atque ito quo voles.
      MESS. Nempe iubes?
      MEN. Iubeo hercle, si quid imperi est in te mihi.
      MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free.
      MEN. Lord, man, be free so far as I am concerned, and go where you like.
      MESS. So you authorize me, indeed?
      MEN. Lord, yes I authorize it, if I am supposed to decide over you.
  2. to bid, to command, to order
    Synonyms: imperō, praecipiō, praescrībō, ēdīcō, mandō, iniungō, dictō, indīcō, pōnō
    • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.576–578:
      “[...] Equidem per lītora certōs
      dīmittam, et Libyae lūstrāre extrēma iubēbō,
      sī quibus ēiectus silvīs aut urbibus errat.”
      “For my part, I shall send forth reliable [men] along the shores, and order [them] to search the furthest edges of Libya, [to see] whether the shipwrecked [Aeneas] wanders some woods or towns.” – Queen Dido
    • Cūr nōn illam hūc trānsferrī iubēs? :
      why don't you command her to be brought over hither?

Conjugation

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   Conjugation of iubeō (second conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present iubeō iubēs iubet iubēmus iubētis iubent
imperfect iubēbam iubēbās iubēbat iubēbāmus iubēbātis iubēbant
future iubēbō iubēbis iubēbit iubēbimus iubēbitis iubēbunt
perfect iussī iussistī iussit iussimus iussistis iussērunt,
iussēre
pluperfect iusseram iusserās iusserat iusserāmus iusserātis iusserant
future perfect iusserō iusseris iusserit iusserimus iusseritis iusserint
sigmatic future1 iussō iussis iussit iussimus iussitis iussint
passive present iubeor iubēris,
iubēre
iubētur iubēmur iubēminī iubentur
imperfect iubēbar iubēbāris,
iubēbāre
iubēbātur iubēbāmur iubēbāminī iubēbantur
future iubēbor iubēberis,
iubēbere
iubēbitur iubēbimur iubēbiminī iubēbuntur
perfect iussus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect iussus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect iussus + future active indicative of sum
sigmatic future1 iussor iusseris iussitur
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present iubeam iubeās iubeat iubeāmus iubeātis iubeant
imperfect iubērem iubērēs iubēret iubērēmus iubērētis iubērent
perfect iusserim iusserīs iusserit iusserīmus iusserītis iusserint
pluperfect iussissem iussissēs iussisset iussissēmus iussissētis iussissent
sigmatic aorist1 iussim iussīs iussīt iussīmus iussītis iussint
passive present iubear iubeāris,
iubeāre
iubeātur iubeāmur iubeāminī iubeantur
imperfect iubērer iubērēris,
iubērēre
iubērētur iubērēmur iubērēminī iubērentur
perfect iussus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect iussus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present iubē iubēte
future iubētō iubētō iubētōte iubentō
passive present iubēre iubēminī
future iubētor iubētor iubentor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives iubēre iussisse iussūrum esse iubērī iussum esse iussum īrī
participles iubēns iussūrus iussus iubendus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
iubendī iubendō iubendum iubendō iussum iussū

1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Italian: iubere

References

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  • De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  • jubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • iubeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
    • to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
    • to greet a person: aliquem salvere iubere (Att. 4. 14)
    • I bid you good-bye, take my leave: te valere iubeo
    • to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69)
    • to reject a bill: legem antiquare (opp. accipere, iubere)
    • to ratify a law (used of the people): legem iubere
    • to declare a law valid: legem ratam esse iubere
    • the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly): lex iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)
    • to banish a man from his native land: e patria exire iubere aliquem
    • the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that..: senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut
    • good luck to you: macte virtute (esto or te esse iubeo)
  • Willi, Andreas (2001) “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, number 1. H., →DOI, pages 117–146