更
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character[edit]
更 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 6
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
- Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
- Unihan data for U+66F4
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
更 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 㪅 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 更 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
更 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs |
粳 | *kraːŋ |
埂 | *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ |
浭 | *kraːŋ |
稉 | *kraːŋ |
梗 | *kraːŋʔ |
哽 | *kraːŋʔ |
綆 | *kraːŋʔ |
鯁 | *kraːŋʔ |
挭 | *kraːŋʔ |
骾 | *kraːŋʔ |
郠 | *kraːŋʔ |
硬 | *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs |
鞕 | *ŋɡraːŋs |
丙 | *pqraŋʔ |
炳 | *praŋʔ |
邴 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
怲 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
苪 | *praŋʔ |
蛃 | *praŋʔ |
昺 | *praŋʔ |
昞 | *praŋʔ |
窉 | *praŋʔ |
柄 | *praŋʔ, *praŋs |
鈵 | *praŋs |
寎 | *praŋs |
病 | *braŋs |
Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.
Pronunciation 1[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gang1
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): găng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1kan; 1ken
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: geng
- Wade–Giles: kêng1
- Yale: gēng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
- Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, see the note below)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jing
- Wade–Giles: ching1
- Yale: jīng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
- Palladius: цзин (czin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gang1
- Yale: gāng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gang1
- Guangdong Romanization: geng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
- Hakka Romanization System: gien´
- Hagfa Pinyim: gian1
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note: literary reading.
Note:
- 1ken - literary;
- 1kan - vernacular.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 更 (更換) |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kəŋ⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /kəŋ²¹/ | |
Jinan | /kəŋ²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /kəŋ²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kəŋ²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /kəŋ²¹/ | |
Xining | /kə̃⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /kə̃n³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /kɤŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /kən⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /kən⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /ken²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /kə̃⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /kən³¹/ | |
Hefei | /kən²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kəŋ¹¹/ ~換 /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五~ |
Pingyao | /kəŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /kə̃ŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kã⁵³/ /kəŋ⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /kã⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /ken³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /kiɛ³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kʌ̃³¹/ /kɛ³¹/ 打~ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kən³³/ |
Xiangtan | /kən³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打~ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /kɑŋ²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐŋ⁵³/ |
Nanning | /kɐŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kɐŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kĩ⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaiŋ³³/ /kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三~ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /keŋ³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ²³/ /kɔŋ²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/
Definitions[edit]
更
- to change; to replace
- 子貢曰:「君子之過也,如日月之食焉。過也,人皆見之;更也,人皆仰之。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
- Zǐgòng yuē: “Jūnzǐ zhī guò yě, rú rìyuè zhī shí yān. Guò yě, rén jiē jiàn zhī; gēng yě, rén jiē yǎng zhī.” [Pinyin]
- Zigong said, "A junzi’s mistakes are like solar and lunar eclipses. When he makes a mistake, all people see it; when he changes, all people look up to him.
子贡曰:「君子之过也,如日月之食焉。过也,人皆见之;更也,人皆仰之。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to take turns; to rotate
- to experience
- 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)
Compounds[edit]
- 厲精更始/厉精更始
- 堂構更新/堂构更新
- 改姓更名 (gǎixìng gēngmíng)
- 改弦更張/改弦更张 (gǎixiángēngzhāng)
- 更代 (gēngdài)
- 更休
- 更僕難數/更仆难数
- 更動/更动 (gēngdòng)
- 更化
- 更名 (gēngmíng)
- 更名改姓 (gēngmíng gǎixìng)
- 更唱
- 更始 (gēngshǐ)
- 更姓
- 更定 (gēngdìng)
- 更審/更审
- 更年
- 更年期 (gēngniánqī)
- 更弦易轍/更弦易辙
- 更張/更张
- 更換/更换 (gēnghuàn)
- 更改 (gēnggǎi)
- 更故
- 更新 (gēngxīn)
- 更新換代/更新换代
- 更易
- 更替 (gēngtì)
- 更次
- 更正 (gēngzhèng)
- 更正啟事/更正启事
- 更番 (gēngfān)
- 更相
- 更立
- 更端
- 更行
- 更衣 (gēngyī)
- 更衣室 (gēngyīshì)
- 更訂/更订
- 更調/更调
- 更變/更变
- 更賦/更赋
- 更迭 (gēngdié)
- 朝更夕改 (zhāogēngxīgǎi)
- 朝更暮改 (zhāogēngmùgǎi)
- 洗削更革
- 洗盞更酌/洗盏更酌
- 滌故更新/涤故更新
- 萬象更新/万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
- 紛更/纷更
- 與民更始/与民更始
- 解弦更張/解弦更张
- 變更/变更 (biàngēng)
- 除舊更新/除旧更新
Pronunciation 2[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jing1
- Eastern Min (BUC): gĕng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1kan
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: geng
- Wade–Giles: kêng1
- Yale: gēng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
- Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (nonstandard or dialectal, the time sense)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jing
- Wade–Giles: ching1
- Yale: jīng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
- Palladius: цзин (czin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaang1
- Yale: gāang
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaang1
- Guangdong Romanization: gang1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng
- Hakka Romanization System: gang´
- Hagfa Pinyim: gang1
- Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jing1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɛiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note: vernacular reading.
- Middle Chinese: kaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/
Definitions[edit]
更
- (historical) watch (of a sentry)
- 三更 ― sāngèng ― third watch
- (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
Compounds[edit]
- 三更
- 三更半夜
- 三更四鼓
- 九更天
- 二五更
- 五更 (wǔgēng)
- 五更三點/五更三点
- 五更天
- 五更雞/五更鸡
- 五更頭/五更头
- 交更 (Cantonese)
- 值更
- 八更
- 初更 (chūgēng)
- 午更 (ng5 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 半夜三更
- 司更
- 嚴更/严更
- 坐更
- 夜半三更 (yèbànsāngēng)
- 夜更 (je6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 夜靜更深/夜静更深
- 夜靜更長/夜静更长
- 夜靜更闌/夜静更阑
- 守更
- 定更
- 打更 (dǎgēng)
- 拎更 (Cantonese)
- 持更
- 換更/换更 (Cantonese)
- 攞更/𫽋更 (Cantonese)
- 日更 (Cantonese)
- 早更 (Cantonese)
- 更亭 (Cantonese)
- 更份 (Cantonese)
- 更夜
- 更夫 (gēngfū)
- 更房
- 更樓/更楼
- 更次
- 更深 (gēngshēn)
- 更深人靜/更深人静
- 更深半夜
- 更深夜靜/更深夜静
- 更漏
- 更籌/更筹
- 更籤/更签
- 更表 (gaang1 biu2) (Cantonese)
- 更長夢短/更长梦短
- 更長漏永/更长漏永
- 更闌/更阑
- 更闌人靜/更阑人静
- 更頭/更头
- 更點/更点
- 更鼓
- 更鼓敲盡/更鼓敲尽
- 替更 (tai3 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 深更 (shēngēng)
- 深更半夜 (shēngēngbànyè)
- 漏盡更闌/漏尽更阑
- 率更
- 當更/当更 (dong1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 直落更 (Cantonese)
- 看更
- 知更鳥/知更鸟 (zhīgēngniǎo)
- 編更/编更 (pin1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 落更 (lok6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 調更/调更 (diu6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 買更/买更 (Cantonese)
- 賣更/卖更 (Cantonese)
- 起更
- 輪更/轮更 (leon4 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 巡更 (xúngēng)
- 追更 (zeoi1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 連更徹夜/连更彻夜
- 頂更/顶更 (ding2 gaang1) (Cantonese)
- 鬼打更
- 黑更半夜
- 鼉更/鼍更
Pronunciation 3[edit]
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gang3
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): gáing
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gang3
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 5ken
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
- Wade–Giles: kêng4
- Yale: gèng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
- Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gang3
- Yale: gang
- Cantonese Pinyin: gang3
- Guangdong Romanization: geng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien
- Hakka Romanization System: gien
- Hagfa Pinyim: gian4
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gáing
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaiŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note: literary reading.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gêng3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kèng
- Sinological IPA (key): /keŋ²¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: gang3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kəŋ⁵⁵/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 更 (更加) |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kəŋ⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /kəŋ⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /kəŋ⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /kəŋ²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /kəŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kəŋ³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /kəŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Xining | /kə̃²¹³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kəŋ¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kə̃n¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /kɤŋ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /kən³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /kən¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /ken²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /kə̃¹/ | |
Nanjing | /kən⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /kən⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kəŋ⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /kəŋ³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kəŋ³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /kən⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ken⁴⁴⁵/ | |
Wenzhou | /kiɛ⁴²/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kʌ̃³²⁴/ |
Tunxi | /kiɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kən⁵⁵/ |
Xiangtan | /kən⁵⁵/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kiɛn⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ken⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | /ken⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐŋ³³/ |
Nanning | /kɐŋ³³/ | |
Hong Kong | /kɐŋ³³/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiŋ²¹/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaiŋ²¹²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kaiŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /keŋ²¹³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /keŋ³⁵/ /kɔŋ³⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: kaengH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋs/
Definitions[edit]
更
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- → Vietnamese: càng
Pronunciation 4[edit]
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): giang3
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: giang3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiɐŋ⁵⁵/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
Definitions[edit]
更
- (Nanning Pinghua) so, to such an extent
Synonyms[edit]
References[edit]
- (Min Nan) “Entry #3228”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
更
- grow late
- night watch
- of course
- renew
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: きょう (kyō)←きやう (kyau, historical)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
- Kun: さら (sara, 更, Jōyō); ふかす (fukasu, 更かす, Jōyō); ふける (fukeru, 更ける, Jōyō); あらためる (aratameru, 更める)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
更 |
さら Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
更 |
こもごも Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
更 |
ふ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
更 |
こう Grade: S |
on’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaengH).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ[1] | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
Early Modern Korean | ||
Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ | Recorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |
|
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [갱(ː)/겡(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
Etymology 2[edit]
From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaeng).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 고틸 ᄀᆡᆼ | Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576. |
Early Modern Korean | ||
Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 고칠 경 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 경 (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kjʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [경]
Hanja[edit]
更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
更: Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
更: Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]
References[edit]
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