Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, “summer”)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (“summer, year”) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, “year”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsu.mɑ.rɑz/

Noun

*sumaraz m

1. summer

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *sumaraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*sumaraz	*sumarōz, *sumarōs
vocative	*sumar	*sumarōz, *sumarōs
accusative	*sumarą	*sumaranz
genitive	*sumaras, *sumaris	*sumarǫ̂
dative	*sumarai	*sumaramaz
instrumental	*sumarō	*sumaramiz

Derived terms

• *sumarōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sumar
  • Old English: sumor, sumer, sumur
    • Middle English: sumer, somer
      • English: summer
      • Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
      • Yola: zimmer, zummer
  • Old Frisian: sumur, sumer
    • Saterland Frisian: Suumer
    • West Frisian: simmer
  • Old Saxon: sumar
    • Middle Low German: somer, sommer
      • Low German:
        • German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
          • Westphalian:

            Paderbornisch: Sumer

            Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer

            Westmünsterländisch: Sommer

      • Plautdietsch: Somma
  • Old Dutch: *sumar
    • Middle Dutch: sōmer
      • Dutch: zomer
        • Afrikaans: somer
      • Limburgish: zómmer
      • West Flemish: zommer
  • Old High German: sumar
    • Middle High German: sumer
      • German: Sommer
      • Hunsrik: Sommer
      • Luxembourgish: Summer
      • Mòcheno: summer
      • Silesian East Central German: Summer
      • Vilamovian: zumer
      • Yiddish: זומער (zumer)
• Old Norse: sumar, sumarr m; somar n, somarr m
  • Icelandic: sumar
  • Faroese: summar
  • Norn: sommer
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar
  • Jamtish: somarr, samarr
  • Elfdalian: såmår
  • Old Swedish: somar, sumar
    • Swedish: sommar
  • Old Danish: somær, sumær
    • Danish: sommer
      • Norwegian Bokmål: sommer
    • Scanian: sǫmmar
  • Gutnish: summar

See also

Seasons in Proto-Germanic · *jērastīdīz (layout · text) · category
*wazrą (“spring”)	*sumaraz (“summer”)	*harbistaz (“autumn”)	*wintruz (“winter”)