dyfarnu
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From earlier difarnu (“to condemn, to convict”), from di- (intensifying prefix) + barnu (“to adjudge”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /dəˈvarnɨ/
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /dəˈvarni/
Verb
[edit]dyfarnu (first-person singular present dyfarnaf)
- (transitive) to adjudge, to adjudicate
- (transitive) to referee, to umpire
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | dyfarnaf | dyferni | dyfarna | dyfarnwn | dyfernwch, dyfarnwch | dyfarnant | dyfernir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
dyfarnwn | dyfarnit | dyfarnai | dyfarnem | dyfarnech | dyfarnent | dyfernid | |
| preterite | dyfernais | dyfernaist | dyfarnodd | dyfarnasom | dyfarnasoch | dyfarnasant | dyfarnwyd | |
| pluperfect | dyfarnaswn | dyfarnasit | dyfarnasai | dyfarnasem | dyfarnasech | dyfarnasent | dyfarnasid, dyfarnesid | |
| present subjunctive | dyfarnwyf | dyfernych | dyfarno | dyfarnom | dyfarnoch | dyfarnont | dyfarner | |
| imperative | — | dyfarna | dyfarned | dyfarnwn | dyfernwch, dyfarnwch | dyfarnent | dyfarner | |
| verbal noun | dyfarnu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | dyfarnedig dyfarnadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | dyfarna i, dyfarnaf i | dyfarni di | dyfarnith o/e/hi, dyfarniff e/hi | dyfarnwn ni | dyfarnwch chi | dyfarnan nhw |
| conditional | dyfarnwn i, dyfarnswn i | dyfarnet ti, dyfarnset ti | dyfarnai fo/fe/hi, dyfarnsai fo/fe/hi | dyfarnen ni, dyfarnsen ni | dyfarnech chi, dyfarnsech chi | dyfarnen nhw, dyfarnsen nhw |
| preterite | dyfarnais i, dyfarnes i | dyfarnaist ti, dyfarnest ti | dyfarnodd o/e/hi | dyfarnon ni | dyfarnoch chi | dyfarnon nhw |
| imperative | — | dyfarna | — | — | dyfarnwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Mutation
[edit]| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| dyfarnu | ddyfarnu | nyfarnu | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “dyfarnu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies